Adult Stuttering

Individuals with fluency disorders have difficulties with the flow and rhythm of speech. This is commonly known as a stutter.

Stuttering occurs when an individual experiences syllable, word, or phrase repetitions (“I wah, wah, want to go.”), prolongations (“I wwwwant to go.”) and/or blocking (“I——want to go.”). Often, individuals who stutter demonstrate additional behaviors such as poor eye contact and/or avoidance of difficult words. They may also present with secondary behaviors such as eye blinking or fist clenching.

Seeking therapy may increase a speaker’s confidence, as well as reduce the likelihood of social withdrawal or avoidance of certain communication situations (e.g. family gatherings, talking with neighbours, or talking with colleagues within the workplace).

Adult Voice Disorders

Voice disorders are characterized by a mismatch between the sound of an individual’s voice and their age, size and/or gender. This may include abnormal loudness, pitch or overall voice quality. For example, an adult working on a noisy environment which requires frequent yelling or a teacher who habitually speaks in noisy conditions may develop vocal polyps or nodules, which cause a hoarse voice.

Resonance disorders are characterized by a difference in airflow through the nose and mouth. This may include hypernasality (excessive emission of air through the nose) or hyponasality (a lack of appropriate nasal airflow during speech, such as when a person has nasal congestion). For example, a child born with a cleft palate may have velopharyngeal insufficiency (improper closing of the soft palate muscle in the mouth during speech, allowing air to escape through the nose instead of the mouth) resulting in hypernasality.